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Orders
What are currency rates and why do they exist
When an American owned
cars from the manufacturer –
The American dealership checks the current exchange rate of U.S. dollars
for Japanese Yen and figures out how many U.S. dollars each car will
cost. If the dealer chooses to do so he can call a Bank and enter into a
foreign exchange contract. The Bank will give him the Japanese Yen he
needs to buy the cars and in exchange the dealer will give the Bank the
U.S. dollars. The number of Yen the dealer receives for those U.S. dollars
is the exchange rate. For example, if the dealer received 112,000,000 yen
for $1,000,000; the exchange rate would be 112.00 (112,000,000 Yen/
$1,000,000).
To do this identical transaction on the FXCM platform, the dealer would
wait until the quoted price was 112 00-04. The dealer would sell 100 lots
at 112.00; thereby selling U.S. dollars and buying Japanese Yen. We
refer to this as selling USDJPY.
Without a reference exchange rate that the dealer could rely on and be
able to transact at, he could not do business with
exchange rates therefore exist to facilitate trade between different
countries that use different monies.
History and evolution of foreign exchange rates
From 1944 to 1971 the world operated under a system of fixed exchange
rates. The U.S. dollar was convertible into gold at a set rate and all the
countries fixed their currencies to the U.S. dollar at a set rate. There was
no need for a foreign exchange market.
On
U.S. dollar could no longer be cashed in for gold. In 1973 the
formally announced the permanent floating of the U.S. dollar thereby
officially ending the system of fixed exchange rates.
Exchanges rates between different countries began to fluctuate widely;
creating the need for a foreign exchange market where exporters and
importers could lock in rates; clearly a prerequisite for doing business.
Simply put, an American Hondo dealer is quoted a price per car in
Japanese Yen from
a current dealable price for USDJPY, then the dealer would know for
sure how much those cars were costing him and whether or not he could
sell them profitably in his dealership.
And this is exactly what began happening.
Yen when they signed a contract to buy Hondos; then they left the Yen in
the Bank earning interest until contract payment date. It didn’t take long
for the Banks to figure out they could provide value added service by
quoting the importer a price for the contract date. The Bank did this by
simply starting with the current rate and adjusting the current rate to
account for the net interest earned or paid from trade date to contract
date. This became known as the forward rate.
History and evolution of the foreign exchange market
Because there was no central marketplace for transacting foreign
exchange in the early 1970s, exporters and importers could not accurately
track daily movements in the currencies. In fact, they had no prior
experience with floating exchange rates and therefore no in-house
expertise. They were at the mercy of the moneychangers, the Banks.
Overnight foreign exchange became a huge source of bottom revenue to
the banking industry.
To offset the risks of holding currency positions taken as a result of
customer transactions, the major banks entered into informal reciprocal
agreements to quote each other throughout the day on preset amounts. It
was understood that a certain maximum spread would be upheld, except
under extreme conditions. It was further agreed that the rate would be
supplied in a reasonable amount of time. Generally this meant the FX
dealer made the price within seconds, and therefore without calling
another bank for a second opinion. This was called direct dealing and all
the major banks participated.
In the beginning, banks were quoting customers one-way prices. The
customer would say where could I sell $10M USDJPY and the bank set a
rate. The bank left itself plenty of room for error, oftentimes quoting as
much as 50 points below the current market. This was a bonanza for the
banks. However, a lot of money was lost when other banks called for a
rate.
Description and evolution of the FX brokers
The first foreign exchange brokers came on the scene in the mid 1970s to
satisfy the demand for continuous price quotes in the major currencies
from the thousands of medium and small banks with significant customer
foreign exchange business to offset. These banks were unwilling to be in
the direct market because providing competitive rates to the large banks
was costing them more money then they were making from their
customers.
Initially the foreign exchange brokers installed direct lines to all the
banks willing to participate. Generally a major bank made a rate and the
brokers showed the rate to all the banks at about the same time. The first
bank to deal on the rate completed a transaction. The others waited for
the next rate. Any bank could make a rate; show a bid or an offer. Soon
the brokers became quite efficient at putting together a continuous twoway
price.
Reuters introduced a web based dealing system for banks 1992, followed
by a similar web based system introduced by EBS (Electronic Brokerage
System) for banks in 1993; although it took some time, by 1996 it was
clear the voice broker was being replaced by the electronic broker.
Around the same time web based dealing systems that corporations could
use in lieu of calling banks on the phone began to appear. Followed by
the first web based dealing systems for individuals. Today there are
hundreds of online FX brokers fighting for the business of the small
trader or investor. Some are good; some are not (more on this later).
The movers and the shakers in the FX market
It is widely understood that day traders in the aggregate do not move the
currency market much. They buy and sell and at the end of the day they
have no net long or short position. Therefore they have not changed the
demand/supply equilibrium and accordingly have not in the aggregate
had a lasting effect on the price of a currency.
What moves the currency market is the other time frame; central banks,
hedge funds, financial institutions, and corporations. These guys buy or
sell huge amounts and their time frame is generally weeks to months,
possibly years. Their transactions unbalance the market, requiring price
adjustment to rebalance demand and supply.
Furthermore, changing fundamentals or longer-term technicals generally
triggers the actions of the other time frame. Their affect on the price is
therefore two -fold; in addition to causing a demand/supply imbalance,
their actions generally reflect a price change that may have needed to
occur even if they did not get the ball rolling through large transactions.
Evidence that this is so can be found in the unusually large price moves
that often occur after significant scheduled economic news releases.
Oftentimes the move is much greater than what would appear necessary
given the deviation of the expected versus actual number (more on this
later).
Currency Trading Rules
1) Your maximum daily loss limit should be 2% of capital. This
allows you to trade without fear or emotion; knowing that your
worst day will not hurt you.
2) Be patient with winning trades. Don’t look for excuses to take
profit; use trailing stops based upon a systematic formula for
locking in profits.
3) Trade active currencies and only when significant price change is
occurring; trade in the direction the market is going.
4) The shorter the time frame, the more random currency
movements become. In the absence of news, don’t look for
fundamentals reasons to justify holding onto a losing position.
5) Traders, like the market, have up-trends and downtrends; when
your trend is up trade aggressively and when it’s down tread
lightly.
6) If you get into a currency position at the wrong price and time,
get out right. Getting in and out wrong is very expensive.
7) Economic news releases oftentimes create a move much greater
than the news itself justifies. Get use to this, it’s the norm and not
the exception.
8) Waiting is difficult and stressful when you have an open position
and the price is fluctuating in a narrow range. Get use to it; the
market range trades 80% of the time.
9) Never, under any condition, add to a losing trade.
10) Don’t try to enter the market at the top or at the bottom, allow the
trend to gain a foothold and join the move in progress.
11) Don’t spread yourself too thin. Focus on one or two currencies
and get to know them well.
12) Each currency has it’s own trading personality which must be
learned from experience.
Página 7 de 56 managed account
13) Trade where the market is going not what the price is; avoid
thinking the price is too high or two low.
14) Always remain true to your trading plan. That means maintaining
the discipline to control losses.
15) Keep it simple. The more indicators the more ambiguity.
16) Follow the market wherever it wants to go; don’t waste your time
predicting where it will go.
17) It’s easy to take money from the currency markets; the tough part
is not giving it back.
18) When everybody agrees you have the right position, you have the
wrong position.
19) Take windfall profits whenever you can. If you put on a trade and
get a quick 50 points take it.
20) Trade with your head. Not over it.
Before the Trade
Relax. Breath in as deeply as you can and exhale slowly. Close your
eyes; see and feel the air as it flows into your lungs and out of your lungs.
Repeat this a few times; a relaxed mind and body is key to achieving
Visualize. Go over in your mind what a good trade feels like from start to
finish… A trade signal flashes on the screen. A smile comes across your
face. The game is on and the fun begins. You know the worse thing that
can happen is a tiny loss. You know taking tiny losses is inevitable and a
necessary component of your successful trading strategy that is
consistently making you money. You confidently enter the stop loss
entry, if done stop loss and if done take profit as one trade entry on your
broker platform. You don’t enter the stop loss entry first and then enter
the if done orders because that will cause you stress and take you out of
your game. You know staying relaxed and confident means avoiding
anything uncertainty. By entering all three components as one trade limits
your risk immediately and therefore you can remain “cool as a
cucumber”. You have been practicing entering orders and know you can
do it quickly and correctly. Your not thinking about winning or losing on
the trade, your not thinking what could happen if you enter the trade
wrong, your only focusing on the task at hand – entering the complete
order accurately and in a timely fashion.
Once you have entered the complete trade and double-checked it you’re
your thinking about when it is likely the next message flashed on the
screen will come and what action will be required of you. The trade has
gone 20 points your way and you know it’s coming – take half profit. It
flashes on your screen “take half profit”. You’re smiling. You’re smart.
You knew it was coming. You confidently enter a market order to reduce
your position by half. You don’t care about the rate. It’s like using a hand
grenade or playing horseshoes, close is good, gets the job done. You
reduced your position by half and locked in some profit. You checked
your remaining existing order to make sure it now reflects the trade you
did correctly. It does. You’re order is now for half of what it was before
you closed half. All good.
You know it’s coming if it’s not there already. There it is on your screen.
Move stop on remaining half to breakeven. This feels good. You know
you don’t need to rush or get stressed adjusting your stop to your original
entry level; market is about 20 points below that anyway. You glance at
the current rate and see it’s still about 20 points below your entry level.
Calmly you adjust your stop. No worries, no rush. Life is good. You
double check to make sure you adjusted the stop correctly. You did.
Your anticipating Jimmy’s next message. If the market starts going back
up Jimmy is going to flash “close position”. You’re ready. You know the
fill will be relatively ugly. Doesn’t matter. You got 20 points on half the
position and worse case on the remaining half is breakeven. You got your
stop in at breakeven. There is nothing to stress about.
Market stops to drop and it’s 35 points from your entry level. You’re
watching the screen. You know jimmy’s going to take profit and close
the position or move the stop to protect profits. There it is, “move stop to
85”. That’s still 20 points above the current market. Easy peasy. You
effortlessly adjust the stop with two mouse clicks. The market is still
falling, now 50 points profit. You click on market order and close your
position. You look up at the screen and there it is. A message from
Jimmy “close trade”. You feel good about yourself. You took action
before the fact. Worse case was you locked in 50 points profit. You’re in
the zone. Acting independently but smartly, not emotionally. You double
check to see you have no position and your profit looks correct. It is.
reward for your fine performance.
Market continues to drop. The idea you could have made another 20
points never crosses your mind. You have better things to do with you’re
time than thinking about what could have been. You not anticipating
Jimmy doing anything right now. You know he will wait until the market
stabilizes, goes up somewhat and generates a fresh sell signal. You ask
yourself, “what did Jimmy see that caused him to sell?”. You know he
looks at 1 minute, 5 minute, and 30 minute charts to pinpoint entry levels.
You go back to the charts and see what they looked like when Jimmy
sent the stop loss entry order. What was he anticipating? What was the
trigger level? Why there?. Ok. New low for the day. That’s cool, makes
sense. But what else. Where was Swiss at the time. Oh, I see, Swiss was
already a lot higher. And
line. Look at USDCAD it had already spiked higher. How about
USDJPY. How about not, that currency is totally out of wack due to
intervention. How about EURJPY. Hmmm. Breaking trendline to
downside. Cool. Will help EURUSD go lower and that suits our short
EURUSD trade. How about EURGBP. Also breaking lower. Also
supports a lower EURUSD trade. EURCHF is a lot higher that’s not
good. Or is it. Could be the reason it’s higher is because traders are
buying USD and reaching to higher levels to buy USDCHF.
That would suits our short EUR long USD short position. Now I get it.
All the ducks were lined up in favor of EURO lower and USD higher.
That’s why Jimmy sold EURUSD when it too made a new low,
confirming it was ready to join the others and gain ground against the
USD.
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Building Your Knowledge Base
Bit about the history and evolution of the FX market.
Learn those aspects of technical and fundamental analysis that you need
To know to be a successful foreign exchange trader.
High-speed number crunching capability is a relatively new thing and as
Such many traders rely on highly mathematical technical indicators in
Arriving at their buy sell decisions. In my opinion number crunching is
Highly effective in some areas such as arbitrage but its ability to
Profitably forecast future price changes is suspect, especially when
Fundamentals are completely ignored.
Fundamentals refer to the Government itself and its policies and all the
Factors affecting the economy of a particular country and its currency.
Most technical traders pay no attention to fundamentals. The argument is
That current price reflects all available information so there is no need to
Know the fundamentals. Their argument goes further and says
Fundamentals matter for long-term trading and should be ignored for day
Trading and intra-day trading.
The evidence as I see it puts fundamentals at the heart of short-term
Trading. In fact, upon close examination you will find that most
Meaningful daily changes in currency values occur after the release of
Scheduled monthly and weekly economic numbers. At the very least, it is
Widely accepted that when an economic report is released and the number
Is much higher than the estimate or much lower than the estimate, a price
Adjustment will soon occur to reflect this new information.
In itself that makes day trading fundamentals a viable and extremely
Profitable venture. There’s more. Upon close examination you will find
That at times unexplainable relatively large price changes occur in
currencies following scheduled economic releases that are right on the
mark – exactly as expected. Why this happens no one knows for sure.
Later on we will explain why we think this happens and how you can
take advantage of it and book serious trading profits.
In order to take advantage of these opportunities, getting in early and
confidently, you need to understand the fundamentals. In addition to
knowing the fundamentals, an understanding of market expectations and
market sentiment is also required.
Simply put, market expectations are what the economist forecast the
economic number would be. When the economist are wrong in their
projection (the actual reported number is meaningfully different from
what the economist forecast) the currencies react, oftentimes
significantly. We dig deeper into the projections for clues of their likely
accuracy. For example, we believe an economist for a brokerage firm
would tend to be consistently overoptimistic. We go further, studying the
past forecasts versus actual for clues of likely accuracy or more
importantly for our trading purposes – likely inaccuracies (more on this
later).
Market sentiment is how the market feels about a particular currency in
general. For example, recently the
official spinning the
therefore had a dark cloud over its head. Despite clearly improving
economic numbers the Pound was weak. In time the cloud passed and
now the Pound is a darling of the currency markets (more on this later).
Suffice it to say, to be a complete trader requires an understanding of
what, why, and when the market moves. Armed with this knowledge it is
much easier to initiate a position because it makes sense to you. Missing
a two hundred-point move because “it doesn’t make sense” is a
knowledge deficiency and not an option for a complete trader.
Once your foreign exchange knowledge base is in place you are a step
closer to trading but your not there yet. Next is money management. How
much you want to invest; how much of a return you’re looking for; is the
relationship between the two reasonable and doable? How much can you
risk at one time and expect to survive the bad trading periods. How you
should react to bad times – and good times. Why are you trading? What
are you really looking to get out of trading?
Work with yourself to answer all these questions truthfully. Then put
together a trading plan that works for you. Then stick to your plan; it is
vitally important (more on this later).
The online foreign exchange brokers are in business to make money. I
have been dealing with them and know many of their strengths and
weaknesses. You can benefit from my experience. Know what to expect;
how to best react to problems as they arise (more on this later).
Spend some time trading a demo account. Become an expert on the FX
platform of your choice before trading with real money.
Good luck.
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